Xi’an （西安）– Terracotta Warriors & Essential Chinese History
If China is like a towering tree, Beijing would be the leafy canopy, while Xi’an would be the deep roots anchoring it firmly in the earth. Known as Chang’an in ancient times, Xi’an preserves the essence of thousands of years of Chinese culture and history. It has often been said that if you dig anywhere in Xi’an, you might unearth a national treasure. While this may be a bit of an exaggeration, it speaks to the city’s rich heritage. As one of China’s ancient capitals, Xi’an is home to a wealth of historical relics and artifacts.
Here, we have curated some of the most iconic aspects of Xi’an’s culture and history just for you：
Xi’an Ancient City Wall（西安古城墙）
The Xi’an Ancient City Wall is one of the most well-preserved and largest ancient city walls in China, embodying rich historical and cultural significance. It was originally built during the third year of the Hongwu reign in the Ming Dynasty (1370 AD), making it over 600 years old. Serving as the city wall for Chang’an during the Ming Dynasty, it was constructed to strengthen national defense. As a masterpiece of ancient Chinese military fortifications, the Xi’an City Wall combines the wisdom and artistry of ancient city-building, standing as a valuable historical and cultural relic from the Ming Dynasty.
Today, the Xi’an City Wall stands as a symbol of the city’s historical legacy and serves as a significant cultural landmark and tourist attraction. Walking or cycling along the wall has become a unique tourist experience in Xi’an. Visitors can rent bicycles and ride the full circuit of the wall, enjoying the blend of ancient architecture and modern urban life. Alternatively, they can take a leisurely walk to admire the brickwork and surrounding scenery. Throughout the year, the area around the wall hosts various cultural events, such as the annual Lantern Festival during Chinese New Year, drawing crowds to experience the city’s distinctive fusion of tradition and modernity.
The Xi’an Ancient City Wall is not only a remarkable example of ancient Chinese architecture but also an important symbol of Xi’an’s status as the capital of 13 dynasties. It reflects the city’s long history and brilliant culture, bearing witness to its rise and fall over the centuries. Today, the wall still stands strong, serving as a gateway for visitors to explore Xi’an’s historical and cultural heritage and is considered one of the city’s most treasured cultural gems.
The Bell and Drum Towers of Xi’an（钟楼 & 鼓楼）
The Bell and Drum Towers of Xi’an are iconic symbols of the city’s rich history and culture, as well as masterpieces of ancient Chinese architecture. Located in the heart of Xi’an, the two structures stand close to each other, each bearing unique historical functions and cultural significance. The Bell Tower, positioned at the very center of Xi’an, was built in the 17th year of the Hongwu reign during the Ming Dynasty (1384 AD). It originally served as a timekeeping tool, with the bell being rung every morning to announce the start of a new day. Meanwhile, the Drum Tower, located to the west of the Bell Tower, was constructed slightly earlier in the 13th year of the Hongwu reign (1380 AD). Its primary purpose was to signal the onset of evening, with drums being struck at dusk to remind people that night had fallen. Together, the Bell and Drum Towers marked the daily rhythm of life in ancient Xi’an.
The Drum Tower, slightly taller than the Bell Tower, is also made of brick and wood, with a majestic and solemn design. Inside the Drum Tower hung a massive drum, which was beaten on important occasions or during major celebrations, symbolizing both timekeeping and festivity in the ancient city. Today, the Drum Tower houses a collection of ancient drums and musical instruments, allowing visitors to admire these precious historical artifacts up close. Visitors can also participate in drum-beating activities, immersing themselves in the charm of traditional culture.
Dayan Pagoda （大雁塔）
The Bell and Drum Towers of Xi’an are not only architectural landmarks but also embody the essence of ancient Chinese culture. They have witnessed the historical evolution and cultural continuity of Xi’an and still stand proudly in the city center, drawing countless tourists from all over the world. More than just symbols of Xi’an’s urban culture, the Bell and Drum Towers serve as a bridge between the past and the present, offering visitors a glimpse into the city’s glorious history and vibrant civilization.
Dayan Pagoda in Xi’an is one of China’s most renowned Buddhist structures, located within the Daci’en Temple in the southern part of the city. As a symbol of ancient Buddhist architecture in China, the pagoda carries profound historical and cultural significance, representing an important witness to the spread of Buddhism along the ancient Silk Road. The pagoda was first built in the third year of the Yonghui era during the Tang Dynasty (652 AD), under the supervision of the famous monk Xuanzang, to house the large number of Buddhist scriptures, statues, and relics he brought back from India. Its construction marks the flourishing of Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty and reflects the vibrant cultural exchanges between China and other countries at that time.
Constructed primarily of brick and stone, Dayan Pagoda was originally designed as a five-story structure. Over the centuries, it has undergone multiple renovations and expansions, and today it stands at 64 meters tall with a total of seven stories. Its simple yet grand design embodies the majestic architectural style of the Tang Dynasty. Due to its distinctive shape and long history, Dayan Pagoda has become one of the landmarks of Xi’an and a prominent symbol of Buddhist culture in China.
Daci’en Temple, where the pagoda is located, was a major royal temple during the Tang Dynasty, known for its grandeur and impressive architectural complexes. Visitors today can climb to the top of the pagoda, where they can enjoy a panoramic view of Xi’an, immersing themselves in the ancient city’s rich history and cultural heritage. The surrounding Giant Wild Goose Pagoda Square has also become a major tourist attraction in modern Xi’an, featuring musical fountains and sculptures that draw large crowds of visitors.
Dayan Pagoda is not only a treasure of Chinese Buddhist architecture but also a key part of Xi’an’s ancient history. It stands as a testament to the glory of the Tang Dynasty and the cultural exchange between China and the world. For both domestic and international visitors, it is a must-see destination to understand Chinese Buddhist culture and the history of the Silk Road. Even today, this historic landmark continues to radiate its unique charm.
The Terracotta Army（兵马俑）
The Mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shi Huang is the largest on-site museum in China, consisting mainly of the Terracotta Army Museum and the Mausoleum itself. The Terracotta Army, a part of the mausoleum’s burial pits, has been hailed as the “Eighth Wonder of the World.” These pits are vast, covering a combined area of over 20,000 square meters, making it an unparalleled underground military formation. According to archaeological research, these pits symbolize the emperor’s elite guard, standing watch over his tomb. The three pits are laid out in accordance with military strategy.
Visitors can explore the figures that have been excavated from Pit 1, Pit 2, and Pit 3, with Pit 1 serving as the primary exhibition hall. The layout of the army is impressive, with the vanguard positioned at the front and infantry and chariots following closely behind. The entire military formation is meticulously arranged, appearing ready for battle. This evokes vivid imagery of Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s mighty forces as they once swept across the land, conquering all before them.
And 2 more additional spot you can chose to visit:
Shaanxi History Museum （陕西历史博物馆）
The Shaanxi History Museum houses an impressive collection of over 370,000 artifacts, spanning from the simplest stone tools used by early humans to various items from social life before 1840. This extensive collection covers a time period of more than one million years. Among its treasures, the bronze vessels from the Shang and Zhou dynasties are exquisite, the terracotta figures from various periods display a myriad of forms, and the gold and silver artifacts from the Han and Tang dynasties are unparalleled in the country. The Tang tomb murals are unique worldwide. The museum encapsulates the essence of Chinese history and serves as an artistic showcase of ancient Chinese civilization and Shaanxi’s cultural heritage.
The Tang Paradise （大唐不夜城）
The Tang Paradise features a central axis walkway that stretches 1,500 meters from north to south, with the Zhenguan Culture Square as its main part. This cultural and artistic complex includes the Xi’an Grand Theatre, Xi’an Concert Hall, Qujiang Art Museum, and Qujiang Pacific Cinema. The park aims to recreate the supreme status of the ancient Tang Empire in the fields of religion, literature, art, and technology. The Tang Paradise reflects the grandeur of the Tang Dynasty, offering a glimpse into the splendor and cultural achievements of one of China’s most illustrious periods.
Exploring the Culinary Delights of Xi’an
Xi’an is renowned throughout China for its diverse and flavorful cuisine, primarily featuring wheat-based dishes and Muslim-style flavors. A visit to Xi’an would be incomplete without trying its iconic dishes and experiencing the local food culture. Here’s a guide to some must-try delicacies in this historic city:
1. Yangrou Paomo （羊肉泡馍）:
This is a classic Xi’an dish with a rich history. It consists of pieces of flatbread (mo) soaked in a savory lamb broth. To enhance the flavor, it is usually accompanied by condiments such as sweet garlic, chili sauce, sesame oil, and cilantro. After enjoying the hearty stew, a small bowl of broth is served to sip. Yangrou Paomo can be enjoyed year-round, but it is particularly comforting in winter. The broth is a crucial component, and top-notch vendors will cook the broth separately from the meat, which is marinated for 20 hours and then simmered for 8-12 hours. It’s best to visit in the morning to ensure the broth is at its freshest and most flavorful, as well as to avoid the heavier nature of the dish in the evening.
2. Biang Biang Noodles（biang biang 面）:
These are one of the most basic yet beloved dishes in the Guanzhong region. Known for their thick, belt-like appearance, Biang Biang noodles are a staple in Xi’an’s cuisine. They are typically served with a spicy oil-based sauce, and their unique name, part of the “Top Ten Strange Foods of Shaanxi,” refers to the distinctive, wide noodles.
3. Zeng Gao（甑糕）:
A specialty sweet treat from Xi’an, Zeng Gao is a soft and delicate cake made from glutinous rice, cloud beans, and red dates. This dessert is steamed until fragrant and is a delightful example of the region’s traditional sweets.
4. Qiao Mian He Le (荞麦饸饹-Buckwheat Noodles):
Traditionally known as “He Lou,” these buckwheat noodles are praised for their firm texture and savory taste. They are a traditional snack in the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi and are appreciated for their chewy consistency.
In addition to savoring these specialties, don’t miss visiting the bustling Muslim Quarter (Huimin Street-回民街), a popular area filled with a variety of street foods and local delicacies, offering a true taste of Xi’an’s vibrant food culture.
Best Time to Visit Xi’an
Spring (March to May):
Spring is an excellent time to explore Xi’an, as the weather is mild and pleasant. This season is ideal for visiting historical sites and natural attractions. You can comfortably wear light shirts and enjoy the city’s rich cultural heritage and beautiful scenery.
Autumn (September to November):
Autumn is also a great season for sightseeing in Xi’an. The weather is generally cool and comfortable for exploring historical sites and natural landscapes. However, the climate can be somewhat unpredictable, so it’s wise to be prepared for sudden changes and take precautions to avoid catching a cold.
Clothing Tips:
Xi’an experiences a dry climate with significant dust and sand, so it’s essential to come prepared. Bring moisturizing products to keep your skin hydrated and a windproof scarf to protect yourself from the wind and dust. This preparation will help you enjoy your visit while staying comfortable.
*A special notice – If you want to avoid the tourist crowds, have the best travel experience, and enjoy lower costs, then mid-to-late October or mid-to-late April would be great choices. During these times, there are fewer visitors, and the weather is also quite pleasant.
Public Transportation Options in Xi’an
Xi’an offers a range of public transportation options to help you navigate the city easily:
1.Subway: Xi’an’s subway system is modern, clean, and efficient, with several lines connecting major attractions and neighborhoods. It’s a convenient way to travel across the city, and signs are available in English.
2.Buses: The city has an extensive bus network covering most areas, including popular tourist spots. Buses are affordable and usually have route maps and schedules in English. Pay attention to bus numbers and routes to ensure you’re heading in the right direction.
3.Taxis: Taxis are readily available throughout Xi’an. They are a good option for traveling to specific destinations or if you have heavy luggage. Ensure the driver uses the meter and communicate your destination clearly.
4.Didi: For a more convenient and potentially cheaper alternative to traditional taxis, you can use ride-hailing apps like Didi. This service offers a range of vehicle options and allows you to pay electronically.
5.Bicycles and E-scooters: Xi’an offers bike-sharing and e-scooter services. These are a fun and eco-friendly way to explore the city, especially for short trips or when visiting areas like the Ancient City Wall.
6.Tourist Shuttles: For visitors, there are also special tourist shuttles that connect major attractions, like the Terracotta Warriors and the Big Wild Goose Pagoda. These can be a great way to see the key sights with ease.
Each option provides a different way to experience Xi’an, making it easy to explore the city’s rich history and vibrant culture.
Itinerary for Xi’an
Day 1: Ancient City Wall（古城墙）, Bell Tower（钟楼）, Drum Tower（鼓楼）, Shaanxi History Museum（陕西历史博物馆）, Dayan Pagoda（大雁塔） & Daci’en Temple（大慈恩寺）
•Morning:
•Start early and visit any city wall gate to ascend the well-preserved Ancient City Wall（古城墙）. Enjoy panoramic views of the city. You can either walk or take a city wall tour bus to the South Gate, where you can descend the wall.
•Midday:
•Take a bus or taxi to the Drum Tower. After visiting the Drum Tower, head to the nearby Muslim Quarter for lunch. The Bell Tower（钟楼） and Drum Tower （鼓楼）are close to each other, so you can explore both sites easily.
•Afternoon:
•From the Bell Tower bus station, take a bus to the Shaanxi History Museum（陕西历史博物馆）. The museum opens for the second ticketing session at 1:00 PM, and it is recommended to join a guided tour for a better experience.
•After visiting the museum, walk to the Dayan Pagoda（大雁塔） and explore the Daci’en Temple（大慈恩寺）, where you can also climb the Dayan Pagoda for city views. The area around the Dayan Pagoda has many restaurants; enjoy dinner here before heading to your hotel.
•Evening:
•Watch the fountain show at the Dayan Pagoda Square before returning to your hotel.
Day 2: Lintong Museum（临潼博物馆）, Huaqing Hot Springs（华清池）, Lishan Forest Park（骊山森林公园）, The Terracotta Army（兵马俑）, and Qin Shi Huang’s Mausoleum （秦始皇陵）
•Morning:
•After breakfast, head to the East Plaza of Xi’an Railway Station and take Bus 5 or 306 to the Lintong Museum（临潼博物馆）. The museum’s collection, including Western Zhou bronzes and gold and silver coffins, is worth seeing.
•Midday:
•The Lintong Museum is close to Huaqing Hot Springs（华清池）, so you can walk there after your museum visit. Spend time exploring Huaqing Hot Springs and then walk to Lishan Forest Park（骊山森林公园）. At Lishan, you can visit the historical site of the Xi’an Incident and the “Beacon Fire Play” beacon platform ruins.
•Afternoon:
•From Huaqing Hot Springs, take a bus to The Terracotta Army（兵马俑）. It’s best to listen to a guided tour here to fully appreciate the site.
•Afterward, take a shuttle bus to visit Qin Shi Huang’s Mausoleum（秦始皇陵）.
•Evening:
•In the late afternoon, take a shuttle bus from the scenic area back to Xi’an city.
This itinerary provides a comprehensive exploration of Xi’an’s historical and cultural highlights, offering a mix of ancient architecture, museums, and unique landmarks.
